The Pros And Cons Of Informed Consent - 854 Words

Methods Participants There were a quantity of 126 participants randomly designated to be part of this study. From these 126 participants, 59 were male (47%) and 60 were female (48%) with 7 participants not providing their gender (5%). Ages ranging from a minimum of 17 to a maximum of 59 with a mean of 25.30 years (SD=8.77), while seven participant’s age information was missing. The sample population involved 30.2% Caucasian (N=38), 42.9% Hispanic (N=54), 1.6% Native Indian (N=2), 11.9 African American (N=15), 4.0 Asian American (N=5) and 6.3% reporting others (N=8). See Appendix A Materials and Procedure In the study, prior to being presented to the research material, potential participants were informed about the possible risks and†¦show more content†¦In part three, participants were asked to read a short paragraph about Anna, a high school student who is bullied. After reading, participants were presented with a series of 17 questions whose they completed using a scale from 1 to 6 with 1 being â€Å"strongly disagree† and 6 â€Å"strongly agree†. The last question of part three were to reminisce what they wrote about. To conclude the study, the participants were therefore debriefed on the study and disclosed about the Belief in a Just World concept and the hypothesis. Results Using survey condition (accepted vs rejected vs deserved) as the independent variable and whether participants remember what they wrote about as the dependent variable. Furthermore, a manipulation check was proceeded in which we detected a significant, X^2 (4) = 168.63, p .001. Most participants in the accepted condition recalled scripting about accepting someone (83.3%). Participants in the rejected condition recalled scripting about rejecting someone (90.5%). Ultimately, participants in the deserved condition recalled writing about someone got what they deserved. Phi displayed a medium effect. This implies that participants were being attentive to what they were writing about. See Appendix B An One-Way ANOVA was controlled with conditions as the independent variables (Accept v Reject v Deserve) and participants’ agreement rating that the type of person is led toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Quiz Results - Informed Consent1133 Words   |  5 Pagesaction to take for the investigator? Your answer : The investigator can go ahead and enroll the man without a signed consent. Correct Answer : Send a copy of the informed consent via facsimile to the subjects wife. After she has had the opportunity to speak to the investigator, she can sign the informed consent and fax it back. Comment : The IRB will not provide a waiver of consent under these circumstances and the man should not be excluded from the study simply because his legally authorizedRead MoreHealthcare Marketing And Ethical Considerations928 Words   |  4 Pagescare. According to Quinn (2008), the marketing rules that apply to many business settings cannot be applied within the healthcare environment. This is because the average healthcare consumer does not possess adequate medical knowledge to make fully informed decisions. Moreover, a lack of sufficient medical knowledge may cause healthcare consumers to be confused by advertising claims regarding medical advancements or organizational claims to being a cut above the competition (Quinn, 2008). How doesRead MoreRm Citi Modules Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pageswhat received public attention.) Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code? Voluntary Consent Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle? **** Respect for Persons (Respect for persons involves respecting individual autonomy in the decision to participate in research. That respect is implemented through the process of informed consent) How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrenceRead MoreA Short Note On A Vulnerable Population For Research Studies1121 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation for Research Elizabeth Smith Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Professor Paula Wellde Abstract Neonates are a vulnerable population for research studies. They are unable to give their own voluntary, informed consent. There are special considerations to obtaining informed consent of neonates with strict guidelines from Health and Human Services, splitting studies into 4 levels and which includes parental permission. The ethical issues surrounding research studies can be navigated usingRead MoreAn Essay Likely About Nothing1334 Words   |  6 Pagesauthority study (Milgram study) 160) IRB continuing review of an approved protocol must: a) Must occur only when the level of risk changes. b) Occur at least annually. c) Must be conducted by a convened IRB. d) Include copies of all signed consent forms. 161) A subject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipated adverse drug experience. How should the investigator proceed after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? a) Report the adverse drug experience toRead MoreAngela Carters Family Case Study : The Baby Vs. Mom Case?1305 Words   |  6 Pagessurgery due to the court’s decision. The child lived for two hours, whilst Angela lived for two days. It is said that the surgery contributed as the main reason for her death. The two main dilemmas, in this case, are autonomy and informed consent. Autonomy and informed consent are presented as the two main ethical dilemmas in this case. Munson states that â€Å"The high value we place on autonomy is based on the realization that without it, we can make very little of our lives† (pg. 39). I agree with thisRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Right Of The People1700 Words   |  7 Pagespain. For those people whose pain does not respond to methods of modern medicine, there should be the option of physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide refers to the practice of a physician prescribing or regulating, upon a patient’s informed request, a lethal dose of medication for the purpose of ending that patient’s life† (Lerner). The lethal drugs that are given to the patient by the doctor are administered by the patient themself, not by the doctor, so the doctor is not directlyRead More Abortions Pros and Cons Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowad ays, in this world, there are a lot of problems that can make tremendous conflicts for human beings. They are very complicated and bring a lot of argument and nobody knows what the exact answer is. They also have pros and cons. One of the most complex problems is abortion. This is due to moral and ethical values which we all have. The majority of us are Christians or are brought up in that kind of ambiance which means that as small children we were taught values that are based onRead MoreHuman Experimentation1684 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greaterRead MoreSevere Depression1388 Words   |  6 Pagesrelevant trends, pros and cons of medication, steps to take to build a good rapport with your client, know what you are responsible for ethically. We all probably know someone who is severely depressed because, Clinical depression affects millions of people each year (University of Pittsburgh, N.D.). If clinical depression is left untreated it can have serious consequences (it could be life threatening). So it is very important that not only Psychologists are well informed on this topic but

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation Free Essays

string(116) " as mentors and effective listeners, focusing on individual employee needs and working towards meeting those needs\." Abstract Among the various styles of leadership styles, transformational leadership has gained more popularity and attention, perhaps due to its productive, supportive and innovative nature. Literature on transformational leadership has identified significant positive impacts on employee motivation. Whilst there is accumulating evidence that indicate a positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation, there is also compelling evidence that indicate a negative link between the two variables. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In certain situations, other styles of leadership may be preferred over transformational leadership and employees may resist certain transformational behaviours such as intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration viewing them as ineffective. In this paper, we critically explore the motivational effects of transformational leadership on employees. The paper examines both the motivational effects of transformational leadership and drawbacks to this style of leadership. Introduction Human resource is an indispensable factor that organizations need to run smoothly, effectively and efficiently. The success of any organization largely depends on the capability and competencies of its human resources (Porter et al. 2003). It is the creative practices of the workforce that result in organizational success. Leaders play a major role in this sense by motivating employees and triggering a sense of creativeness among them. Given that leaders have the means and powers to running organizations, their impact on employees is significant and their leadership style plays a major role in shaping employees’ attitudes towards creativity, job performance and job satisfaction. As such, leadership plays a vital role in employee performance and motivation. Among the various types of leadership styles, transformational leadership has gained more popularity and attention, perhaps due to its productive, supportive and innovative nature (Shah et al. 2011). Literature on transformational leadership has identified significant positive impacts on employee motivation. A number of authors have argued that transformational leadership style enhances employee motivations and increases their commitment to the organization. For example, a study conducted by Avolio et al. (2004) on the impact of transformational leadership on performance and motivation of staff nurses in a public hospital of Singapore showed a positive relationship. A similar study Limsili Ogunlana (2008) and Ismail Yusuf (2009) also found significant positive relation between transformational leadership and employee motivation. Several other studies have arrived at similar conclusions on the validity of the relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation. It is indeed true that when leaders engage in inspirational behaviours such as articulating a compelling vision, expressing confidence and optimism, emphasizing on collective identities and referencing core values; employees become more motivated and they set more value-congruent goals and remain committed to their organization (Grant 2012). However, transformational leadership does not always enhance employee motivation. There is emerging evidence that show inconsistent effects onemployee motivation and job satisfaction (Grant 2012). Whilst there is accumulating evidence that indicate a positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation, there is also compelling evidence that indicate a negative link between the two variables. In this paper, we critically explore the motivational effects of transformational leadership on employee. The paper begins by exploring on the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership style Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that involves leadersutilizing their power, knowledge and experience in meaningful ways such as providing support advice and engaging with employees in friendly interaction and discussions (Shah et al. 2011). Transformational leaders seek to change employee goals, needs, identities, values, priorities and ambitions with the aim of boosting their trust and confidence that would enable them to increase their performance and commitment to the organization. Through such social, responsive and pleasant attitudes, transformational leaders are able to facilitate and encourage employees to effectively utilize their skills, knowledge and experience in the organization (Shah et al. 2011). Impact of transformational leadership on employee motivation The effect of transformation leadership on employee performance stems from development and empowerment, which is seen to increase the subordinate’s ability and motivation. The philosophical approach to this style of leadership involves empowering employees and increasing their organizational commitment (Bushra et al. 2011). As such, transformational leaders articulate a vision that empowers employees and engages them to contribute to the organization. They highlight the prosocial impact of the vision and strive to motivate the employees to transcend their own self-interests for the sake of the larger organization (Bushra et al. 2011) As pointed out by Bass Avolio (1995), transformational leadership style is defined by four key aspects: inspirational motivationidealized influence, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Inspirational motivation essentially involves the articulation and sharing of an attractive vision with the employees and use of emotions to demonstrate optimism and enthusiasm. Idealized influence involves setting a lead example by sacrificing certain aspects for the benefit of the team or organization. Individualized consideration involves the provision of support and encouragement to the followers. Intellectual stimulation refers to transformational behaviours that raise the awareness of employees of the problems facing them and challenges them to view their problems from new perspectives (Kark Shamir 2003). These transformational behaviours significantly impact upon employee motivation and performance. For instance, when an inspirational message is delivered by a transformational leader, certain needs in subordinate employees may become activated and if employees are able to satisfy their activated needs, this results in increased motivation to perform at work (Porter et al. 2003). Moreover, by articulating and sharing an inspirational vision with employees, transformational leaders enhance employee understanding and improve their ability to critically explore a situation (Mayfield Mayfield 2012). Similarly, transformational leaders can impact positively on employee motivation through leading by example and emphasizing the importance of having a strong sense of purpose (idealized influence) (Grant 2012).When the transformational leader articulates a vision in an idealized manner and when he/she challenges the status quo; the employees are also challenged to reflect on the idealized vision and to re-examine their behaviour that is supporting the status quo (Porteret al.2003). Through intellectual stimulation, transformational leaders encourage employees to develop their abilities, thereby enhancing their innovative and creative capabilities. Also by engaging in individualized consideration, transformational leaders act as mentors and effective listeners, focusing on individual employee needs and working towards meeting those needs. You read "The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation" in category "Essay examples" Such transformational behaviours help enhance the low levels of employee motivation. Transformational leaders thus help raise employee awareness about the importance and values of goals and objectives; and enlighten them on the ways to achieving those objectives (Porter et al. 2003). Transformational leaders also empower employees to participate in the decision making process, thereby resulting in higher organizational commitment. By allowing them to participate in decision making, it leads to more empowered and motivated employees. Such empowerment of employees through the various transformational leadership behaviours creates a sense of responsibility and employee commitment to the organization. Empowered employees feel more in control and feel a sense of responsibility for their work, and thus results in their firm commitment to the organization. Also, individual considerations and the supportive attitude demonstrated by transformational leadersresults in decreased turnovers and increased job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Clearly the central purpose of transformational leadership is to empower the employees, increase their performance and to make them more committed to the organization. Transformational leaders are able to achieve this through: articulating a vision that focuses employees attention on contributing to the organization providing them with support through their knowledge, experience and exposure; delegating certain tasks to them; And building their confidence as well as enhancing their self-efficacy. Such interactive and supportive attitudes towards the workforce serve to engage the employees in persuasion of the organizational goal and to motivate them to remain committed to the organization ((Shah et al. 2011)). Fig. 1 Theoretical framework (Shah et al. 2011) Research has also identified the importance of emotional intelligence in enhancing employee motivation in organizations. How leaders use emotions to develop leaderships skills and their ability to recognize others’ emotional expressions have significant impacts on employee motivation. In fact, leadership is largely recognized more as an emotion-laden process. Transformational leaders have emotional intelligence and the ability to use emotions to develop leadership skills. However, there seems to be a gender imbalance on leadership positions. Transformational leadership literature indicates that women are more transformational than their male counterparts since transformational leadership characteristics are closely related to those exhibited by the feminine gender (Lopez-Zafra et al. 2012). Additionally, it has been noted that women tend to score higher in general emotional intelligence than men. Surprisingly, there are still a relatively lower number of women leaders in various organizations. The lack of women leaders in most organizations can be explained by the gender-role congruity theory where gender stereotyping is seen to play a significant role in preventing women from accessing leadership positions in top working organizations(Lopez-Zafra et al. 2012). There is need for future transformational leadership research to address this issue of gender. Criticism of transformational leadership theory in the context of employee motivation Whilst there is accumulating evidence that indicate a positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation, there is also emerging evidence that indicate a negative link between the two. Although transformational leadership style may significantly impact upon employee motivation and performance resulting in growth and empowerment of employees; it is important to note that such influential leadership can also result in weakening and increased dependency on the leader. The implications are that the subordinate employees become limited in their ability to execute a task and cannot make a decision without guidance from the leader. Psychologically, this implies that the employee motivation and self-esteem is dependent on receiving recognition and approval from the transformational leader (Kark Shamir 2003). On the contrary, an empowered person must be self-motivated, independent and autonomous. Charismatic transformational leadership behaviours have been suggested to result in followers (employees) becoming increasingly dependent on the leaders. Employees who perceive the transformational leader as exceptional and extraordinary may end up relying on the leader for decision making and for guidance on accomplishing tasks (Kark Shamir 2003). Such charismatic relationship can be equated with the parent-child relationship, implying increased dependence on the leader. It should also be noted that when individualized consideration is made to one group within an organization, it may lead to jealousy and resentment among employees in the other groups that are not experiencing individualized consideration, and ultimately result in a decrease in employee motivation (Porter et al. 2003). Adding to this â€Å"spillover† effect, transformational leadership can conceivably trigger certain intergroup dynamics that may impact either positively or negatively on employee motivation. For instance, when such leadership occurs in an organizational unit composed of different groups, it may bring about intergroup conflict by increasing cohesion among particular group members (Porter et al. 2003). While transformational leadership has been seen to encourage individuals to transcend self-interests for the benefit of the entire group or organization, such group cohesion are potential antecedents to intergroup conflict and discrimination, with such conflict escalating with an increase in cohesion (Porter et al. 2003, p.271). Such conflicts may result in group dynamics that may either increase or decrease employee motivation. Feelings of solidarity may lead to negative stereotyping and discrimination of out-group members, thereby decreasing employee motivation in the organization (Porter et al. 2003, p.272). However, such conflict may, on the other hand, enhance employee motivation by encouraging the other group members to become more focused and committed to their own group objectives as well. In such situations of conflict, autocratic style of leadership is often preferred by group members and employees may resist certain transformational leadership behaviours such as intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration as they may view them as ineffective (Porter et al. 2003, p.272). As pointed out above, transformational leadership style encourages employees to work at peak levels while bringing them into contact with one another. Much of this contact, however, may be counterproductive for the employee and may result in demoralization. It becomes increasingly difficult for employees to disengage from relationships and given that they cannot regulate their own contact with transformational leaders, they may end up experiencing higher stress levels. And since this style of leadership place more emphasis on the followers individual psychological and physical capacities to perform at peak levels, it can be stressing (Humphrey 2012). Therefore, contrary to the commonly held view, the positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee motivation may have a short-term effect. This leadership style may in the long run exhibit diminishing marginal returns. Criticism has also been raised on the grounds that transformational leadership style places more emphasis on ‘vague and distal goals’ which remains simply rhetoric. In this regard, Grant (2012) argues that when articulating meaningful visions, transformational leaders fail to make these visions a tangible reality. As such employees cannot be effectively motivated if it remains rhetoric. The author proposes that to enhance the salience and vividness of proscocial impact, there is need to provide followers with beneficiary contact who then creates a credible link between the words and deeds of the leaders (Grant 2012). This enables employees to actually see how the articulated vision comes to life to benefit others, thereby motivating them to continue with their work and to remain committed to the organization (Grant 2012). Conclusion The various criticismswhich have been raised above indicate that transformational leadership does not always impact positively on employee motivation. In fact, in other circumstances, employee motivation may be heightened through a reduction in the level of transformational leadership behaviours. Hence to simply argue that low levels of motivation can be enhanced by transformational leadership appears to be somewhat simplistic. Nonetheless, the stronger weight of evidence indicatesthat transformational leadership enhances employee motivation. When leaders engage in inspirational behaviours such as articulating a compelling vision, expressing confidence and optimism, emphasizing on collective identities and referencing core values; employees become more motivated and they set more value-congruent goals and remain committed to their organization Reference Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., and Bhatia, P., 2004. ‘Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance’. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25, 951–968. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., 1995. MLQ, Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Redwood City, CA; Mind Garden. Bushra, F., Usman, A. and Naveed, A., 2011. ‘Effect of transformational leadership on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol.2 (18) Grant, A.M., 2012. ‘Leading with meaning: beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership’. Academy of Management Journal, vol.55 (2), 458-476 Humphrey, A., 2012. ‘Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviours: the role of organizational identification’. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15: 247-268 Ismail, A., Yusuf, M. H., 2009. ‘The relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment: a mediating test model testing’. Journal of Economics, 2(6). Kark, R. and Shamir, B., 2003. ‘The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency’. Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.88 (2), pp.246-255 Lopez-Zafra, E., 2012. ‘The relationship between transformational leadership and emotional intelligence from a gendered approach’. The Psychological Record, 62, 97-114 Limsili, K., and Ogunlana, S. O., 2008. ‘Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment’. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2), 164-184. Mayfield, J. and Mayfield, M., 2012. ‘The relationship between leader motivating language and self-efficacy: a partial least squares model analysis’. Journal of Business Communication, 49 (4), 357-376 Porter, L.W., Angle, H.L. and Allen, R.W., 2003. Organizational influence processes. 2nd edition. Shah, T.A., Nisar, M., Kashif-ur-Rehman and Ijaz-ur-Rehman, 2011. ‘Influence of transformational leadership on employees outcomes: mediating role of empowerment’. African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 5 (21),pp.8558-8566 How to cite The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation, Essay examples

Dna Fingerprinting Essay Example For Students

Dna Fingerprinting Essay DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting is also referred to as DNA profiling and DNA typing. It was first developed as an identification technique in England in 1985. The original use was to expose the presence of any genetic diseases. About three years later it became used to identify criminals through the analysis of genetic material and to settle paternity disputes. It is still used for those reasons today. The DNA fingerprinting process is called gel electrophoresis. It is a process that can sort pieces of DNA according to its size. The process is done by taking samples of DNA from the crime scene and comparing it with samples from the accused. Samples are taken from biological materials like blood, semen, hair, and saliva. In the testing process the DNA samples are first entered into the wells in a gel like substance called Agarose. The gel is placed between two electrodes, one negatively charged and the other positively charged. The wells in the Agarose are inserted on the negative side because DNA has a negative charge. Molecules of DNA then travel in lanes toward the positive side. Small molecules will travel farther than the bigger ones, because they have an easier time moving through the gel. So the molecules will then be assorted according to their size. Next, the gel is X-rayed to see the parallel bands (showed by black bars on the film) in each lane. The separated molecules of DNA form a pattern of parallel bands that show the structure of the DNA. The pattern should never change for one person. In a court of law, the results of a DNA fingerprinting examination can be used to convict or acquit an accused person. If the accuseds DNA matches the one at the crime scene then that person could be convicted. Critics believe that a DNA fingerprint may not yet be reliable enough to use in the court system. They question how accurate a DNA fingerprint is and the cost of it. They believe that it is not very accurate because only a segment of DNA is used and not the complete strand. A DNA fingerprint may not be unique. The confirmation of the uniqueness has not been confirmed yet. Also the process is done in private laboratories so the exact testing standards may not be followed and standardized quality controls may not be used. Human error can have false results if they do not use the exact testing standards with quality controls. The testing is very expensive and if the accused cant pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example of an unauthorized use is identifying individuals with a genetic disease by looking up their personal profile without their permission. CasesKatie Hoskins at the age of 15 found the body of her murdered mother, Glenda Hoskins, inside a rolled up carpet in their loft. She was attacked by her former lover, Victor Farrant, while taking a bath. She was planning to end their three-year relationship. Before her attack she received a letter from Victor stating, take these instructions to be very serious. F*** me about or refuse to do anything I ask and you will be tied up and gagged. I will not repeat myself. You will not get a second chance. If I have to use any violence to ge t what I want, I will. It will make no difference to me, Im going to get what I want either way. The choice is yours. Be good and willing to me and you will come to no harm. I will be gentle, but remember you must show willing and be responsive. In the investigation of her body they found that she was pulled by her ankles while in the tub so he could suffocate her under the water. It also turns out that he attempted to kill a prostitute, Ann Fidler, two weeks before the death of Mrs. Hoskins. Mrs. Fidler was a prostitute who worked out of her home. Mr. Fidler found his barely alive wife after a visit by Mr. Farrant. He used an iron to beat her head so hard that it fell off the handle and he also used the necks of three bottles. She had such severe head injures that part of her brain had to be removed. Through DNA fingerprinting the blood samples at the crime scene matched Mr. Farrant that resulted in his arrest in July, 1996. .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .postImageUrl , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:hover , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:visited , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:active { border:0!important; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:active , .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021 .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u918fffcc63412aa06c72863e4c23a021:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Trial And Ultimate Death Of Socrates May Possibly Be One Of The Mo Essay In Narborough, England two high school girls at the age of fifteen were raped and killed. A seventeen-year-old boy, Rodney Buckland turned himself in for one of the murders, in 1986. His DNA sample didnt match the semen found in the girls bodies. So he was the first person in history to be cleared of a crime by DNA fingerprinting. After Rodney was cleared, they started a DNA based manhunt. Every man in that area between the ages of 18 and 35 was asked to turn in their blood samples voluntarily. A conversation discussing this matter between Colin Pitchfork and his friends was over heard by someone in a local pub. They were discussing how a friend was going to turn in a blood sample for him so he would not get caught. The police were called and Colin was arrested. His blood sample matched the one from the crime scenes. He was sentenced to two life sentences, in 1987. He was the first murderer to be convicted by a DNA fingerprint. BibliographyAdler, Jerry and McCormick, John With A New Database And Other High-Tech Tools On The Way, Forensic Science Is Becoming A More Powerful Crime fighter Than Ever. Newsweek.comBelair, Robert DNA Fingerprinting Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-1997No Author DNA Fingerprinting The World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1998Boggan, Steven In The Courts: Girl Found Body Of Murdered Mother Hidden Inside Electronic Library, January 14, 1998Lampton, Christopher DNA Fingerprinting, book, 1991

Pygmalion and Dollhouse Plays Essay Example

Pygmalion and Dollhouse Plays Essay Apart from being problem plays , Pygmalion and A Doll s house deal with the common theme of transformation of individuals . In Pygmalion, Shaw explores the idea that if a person is born in a low class and gets the opportunity to be trained in the ways of correct speech and manners then he or she can easily come to the social and intellectual level of the higher classes . He proves this by transforming Eliza Doolittle, a poor flower girl from the slums, to a sophisticated woman by changing her speech . Similarly ,Nora s transformation from her expected role of a doll to that of a woman who is conscious of her position within the family and her society is a fact that brings both plays in the same plane. In fact, Nora s transformed identity gave her the strength to question the notions of patriarchy. Nora and Eliza , both transform from an inanimate life to being involved in their own destiny, the former from the oppressions of her class and the latter from her life under patriarchy. The feminist concerns of both plays are evident in the characterizations of Eliza and Nora in their ability to question the injustices against them . Bernard Shaw believed that women were treated poorly in modern society and often he dealt with themes for womens rights . Ibsen s perspectives about women s position in the family and society are evident from A Doll s House . Though the theme of Pygmalion is different , Shaw has rendered Eliza a personality which allows her to stand on her own opinions and not dependent on anybody . We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion and Dollhouse Plays specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion and Dollhouse Plays specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion and Dollhouse Plays specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She is an earning woman and that had rendered her dignity and self respect . In conclusion while the cosmetic aspects of each play are different the deeper more lasting themes are very similar. Nora being a doll in her life transformed into a women who could question her place in society. While Eliza came from the lower classes and posed as a noble showing us that everyone is the same.

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration Introduction Healthcare administration faces ethical dilemma in providing prime health services and maintaining the economic status of the healthcare system concurrently. The administration must stringently balance health services and economic issues that are intrinsic to the healthcare system. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hornbeak explains that, health care administrators have critical role â€Å"†¦in overseeing the moral conduct and missions of their institutions while at the same time maintaining the economic viability of those institutions, but these two major functions can clash and create dilemmas that complicate the practice of health administration† (2011, p. 1). The ethical issue regarding economic viability of health care institutions elicits ethical dilemma where two views arise. The first view questions how he alth care institutions can ethically concentrate the administrative functions on the issues of health only and remain economically viable and sustainable at the same time. The second view ethically doubts the administrative capacity to juggle both health care and economic issues, without compromising the primary role of offering quality health care in the society. Therefore, how does the health care administration resolve the ethical dilemma amidst demands of quality health care and economic constraints? Ethical dilemma Health care systems have a noble responsibility of ensuring that they provide quality health care services that are affordable and accessible to all people. Other responsibilities such as integration of business practices into the system seem to have encumbrance effect that would lead to compromised health care services. The integration of business practices into the health care system has elicited ethical concerns that have resulted into ethical dilemma in the adm inistrative responsibilities. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) â€Å"expanded its patient rights standards to include requirements for assuring that hospital business practices would be ethical in 1995† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p.1). JCAHO established ‘patient rights and organization ethics’ that classified two types of ethics involved in health care administration; clinical and business ethics. Clinical ethics govern the relationship between healthcare and patients while business ethics deal with the relationship between health care and its suppliers.Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, the health care system is struggling to resolve the ethical dilemma that threatens to stall provision of quality health services and sustainable utilization of health care resources. Ethical concerns root for the dist inction and separation of clinical ethics and business ethics in order to avoid complications of the responsibilities in the health care system. Laura, Cherry and Darragh argue that, â€Å"while marketing and admission practices are seen as issues related to ‘business’ they can lead to unneeded admissions or demand for unneeded services, both of which can unnecessarily expose the patient to the risk of side effects or complications† (2009, p. 2). Without clinical and business ethics to streamline the relationship between essential and non-essential health care services, the business aspect would take precedence since profits is the ultimate objective. On the other extreme, stringent clinical ethics may render health care system economically unviable resulting into poor healthcare services. Therefore, health care systems have great challenge of resolving the ethical dilemma that threatens the quality provision of services and sustainability of resources. Health Care Ethics Historically, healthcare system has been focusing on the clinical ethics while neglecting the importance of business ethics. By doing this, the healthcare system erred because â€Å"†¦it sought to deal with specific clinical ethical issues before assessing the ethical organization life and ethical infrastructure of the whole system which has affected the resolution of the ethical dilemma† (Silva, 1998, p.26). Clinical ethics govern the relationship between the healthcare system and the patient by ensuring that health professionals do not comprise the quality of health services that patients receive. According to healthcare professional ethics, the primary goal of any health institutions is provision of quality, affordable, and accessible health care services that improve health standards of the people. However, integration of business ethics into the healthcare system is a threat to clinical ethics. Although the primary goal of the health care system is pro vision of quality services, it is impossible to sustain the use of available resources without venturing into business. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health institutions are in strategic position to conduct lucrative businesses aimed at improving the quality of services they offer to patients. Faced with this truth, healthcare administrators have a challenge of balancing the clinical and business ethics because there is tendency to neglect clinical ethics and concentrate on the business ethics. Healthcare institutions have become business oriented in the United States since â€Å"†¦health care organizational culture has shifted from a service oriented one to a monetary oriented one characterized by product lines, stocks, profits, competition, megamergers and, ultimately, survival† (Silva, 1998, p. 3). The survival of the health care system may entail increasing the costs of services, falsifying diagnoses, admitting or discharging patients unprofessionally with the prime objective of earning profits. Solution to Ethical Dilemma To address the ethical dilemma in the healthcare system involving clinical and business ethics, the administration should focus its attention on building cultural and ethical infrastructure to regulate all activities in a health organization. In addition, the administration should instill ethical principles to healthcare professionals at all levels of the organization through education and strong leadership that advocates for the postulated ethics. Silva argues that, â€Å"in any attempt to change the values of an organization †¦ the contents of the existing organizational culture must be dealt with directly for positive change to occur† (1998, p. 4). Therefore, the issue of clinical and business ethics calls for cultural and ethical infrastructure for it to hav e a lasting solution. The resolution of the ethical dilemma requires an overhaul of organizational culture and ethics. Change in cultural and ethical infrastructure is imperative as it provides professional environment where ethics guide all healthcare practices. Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate leadership is not enough to transform cultural and ethical infrastructure because â€Å"not only the leaders but also the followers must ascribe to common, sound, and shared ethical values, just as unethical leadership can taint followers, morally tainted followers can impede or stop the goals of ethical leaders† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p. 7). Therefore, transformation of the cultural and ethical infrastructure needs concerted efforts of both the administrative and health professionals. Conclusion The ethical dilemma in the administration of healthcare system is affecting the delivery of quality services and sustainability of the health resources available. The healthcare system administrators face the challenge of striking a balance between clinical ethics that seek to provide standard services to the patients and business ethics that take care of the sustainability of health resources. Since both clinical and business ethics are critical in the healthcar e system, cultural and ethical infrastructure is essential for the resolution of the long-standing ethical dilemma and the realization of defined administrative roles. References Hornbeak, J. (2011). Health Administration Ethics. Spring Journal, 12, 1-10 Laura, J., Cherry, N., Darragh, M. (2009). Organizational Ethics and Health Care: Expanding Bioethics to the Institutional Arena. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, 9(5), 1-14. Silva, M. (1998). Organizational and Administrative Ethics in Health Care: An Ethics Gap. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16, 1-11.

How to Use Faire and Rendir in French

How to Use Faire and Rendir in French If youre making something and want to say so in French, which verb do you use, faire  or rendir? This is more complicated than it may seem, because to make can be translated into French in a number of ways. These two verbs are the most common and each has rules governing when and how to use them.   General Usage If youre speaking about making something in a very general sense, then you should use  faire. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je fais un gà ¢teau  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im making a cake  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fais ton lit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make your bed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a fait une erreur  Ã‚  Ã‚  He made a mistake The same rule applies when implying causality:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela  ma  fait  penser  Ã‚  Ã‚  That made me think  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il me  fait  faire  la  vaisselle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hes making me do the dishesTo make in the sense of producing something is fabriquer, while in the sense of building its construire. To talk about forcing someone to do something (e.g., Make me!), use obliger or forcer. Special Cases Things get a little more complicated if you are describing how something makes you feel. In these cases, you should use  faire when its followed by a noun in French, and rendre when its followed by an adjective. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela me fait mal  Ã‚  Ã‚  That makes me feel pain. That hurts (me).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu me fais honte !  Ã‚  Ã‚  You make me feel so ashamed!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cette pensà ©e fait peur  Ã‚  Ã‚  That thought makes me scared. Its a frightening thought.      Cela me rend heureux  Ã‚  Ã‚  That makes me happy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le poisson ma rendu malade  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fish made me sick.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest te rendre fou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its enough to make/drive you crazy. There are some exceptions, of course. For the following nouns, you need to use the verb donner:      donner soif quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone thirsty  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner faim quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone hungry  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner froid quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone (feel) cold  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner chaud quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone (feel) hotBecause all of the above are adjectives in English, you might have a little trouble deciding if the French word is a noun or an adjective. The solution is to think about which French verb it needs to mean to be. Nouns need avoir (avoir mal, avoir soif) while adjectives need à ªtre (à ªtre heureux, à ªtre malade). Other Verbs Many expressions that include to make in English are translated by completely different verbs in French: to make angry fcher to make an appointment donner/prendre rendez-vous to make believe (pretend) faire semblant to make a decision prendre une dcision to make do se dbrouiller to make friends/enemies se faire des amis/ennemis to make the grade y arriver to make (someone) late mettre quelquun en retard to make a meal prparer un rpas to make money gagner de largent to make sure sassurer, vrifier to make tired fatiguer to make up (invent) inventer, fabriquer(after a fight) se rconcilier(with cosmetics) se maquiller

A Bright New Boise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Bright New Boise - Essay Example The play’s main character is Will, a staunch believer in Christian dogma. He interprets each word in the Christian Bibles as the literal truth and, therefore, believes that there will be â€Å"rapture† and God will come to redeem His people while the non-believers will be left to suffer. The play’s title suggests that, Boise, which is the capital city of Idaho, is bound to be a renewed and better place after the rapture that Will anticipates. This title also draws one’s attention to this fundamentalist belief of a future utopia, where there will no longer be any form of suffering. The dramatist and the director of â€Å"A Bright New Boise† settled for a suitable time to show people’s yearning for a better life and shift toward religious beliefs in the event of problems. This is because; the modern American society is presently characterized by numerous difficulties, especially economically, forcing many to believe the possibility of intervent ion or redemption by a higher deity. Hunter’s play shows how people’s beliefs vary and how we all seek refuge in diverse ideas about life in order to cope with hardships and tedium of life. Discussion During the introduction of the play, one is able to learn that the title’s connection to Idaho is due to Hunter’s background as a resident of the state. This perhaps gives the dramatist adequate knowledge about beliefs of Christian fundamentalists. The play begins just as the main character, Will, is hired in a Hobby Lobby store that deals with crafts and other works of art. Will, a middle-aged man who seems soft-spoken in nature, has left his home following a scandal that implicated his fundamentalist church. He has come to the Hobby Lobby store not only to escape his past, but also to try and regain a connection with his adolescent son Alex. Will apparently gave up baby Alex to adoptive parents and wants to reconnect with him before the rapture takes place . Tom Ross includes other characters like Pauline, the store’s manager; Leroy, a worker and Alex’s brother, as well as, Anna, another worker, to build themes portrayed by the play. The play, which adopts  a comic, yet somewhat dark nature, gives insight into family, religious faith, as well as, the significance of establishing connections with others. The play is set in the break room of a Hobby Lobby store. The room is painted with dull colors, like a dull shade of blue for the door and gray for the floors, lockers and walls. The tables are white with grayish supports, while the chairs are brown with legs similar to the tables. The hard edges of the rectangular door and window further accentuate the stereotype of discomfort and unaccommodating nature of modern corporate workplaces. This stereotype is also fostered by the harsh instructions and commands unleashed by the store’s manager. Ross also manages to incorporate other features of a contemporary workplac e like employees’ lockers and a working coffee maker. Further, the employees wear blue vests and badges on their chests, to signify their affiliation to the store. These elements emphasize the mundane or routinely nature of work, in America’s blue collar job environment. The break room at the Hobby Lobby is also lit by fluorescent lights that produce a harsh and irritating light. The television in the room does not play its purpose of relaxing the employees because of its white light and equally irritating noise. On the other side of the stage is an empty highway with big streetlights. As the play progresses, the audience hears loud traffic noises characteristic of a highway during late hours of the night. These features further emphasize the uncomfortable nature of the work environment and the long hours they have to

Non-verbal Communication in Human Interaction Essay

Non-verbal Communication in Human Interaction - Essay Example The first example of dyadic interaction involves an American man and an American woman having late lunch in a posh Italian restaurant. It was around 1:30 in a hot and sunny afternoon. The woman, who is in her late twenties, was in semi-business attire with the blazer taken off, her hair freely hanging past her shoulders, and with an obviously well-cared for skin probably by a dermatologist. She appeared to be a regular working-class woman, with perhaps extra funds for regular visits to a dermatologist. She was not wearing any jewelry aside from the dress watch on her left wrist. The man, also in a business suit, was in his late sixties. His hair was exquisitely slicked back and his jewelry spoke of wealth. He was driving a latest edition, bottle-green Jaguar before he came inside the restaurant. The woman arrived a few minutes before him in a cab. The man, unlike the woman, kept the blazer of his suit on. It seems that he seldom walks out in the streets and probably just stays in his well air-conditioned office since the hot weather did not appear to affect him. They immediately ordered food. While the two were talking, they smile constantly at each other, and their gazes are intent on one another. While talking, they both lean toward each other every now and then. The man appeared relaxed, hands openly gesturing every once in a while talking. He constantly touched and held the woman's hand all throughout the interaction. However, he appeared to swallow more than usual and his Adam's apple had a conspicuous up-and-down motion. The woman, on the other hand, though smiling constantly, apparently appeared tense, and blinked more than normal and her eyes darted around her every now and then. The posture is rigid and she crosses and uncrosses her legs frequently. What can be deduced here is that the two persons obviously like each other, and the conversation they are having is pleasant. The signs of constant smiling, mutual eye contact, touching, and leaning toward each other denote "like". However, there are obvious signs of stress and anxiety like the frequent movement of t he man's Adam's apple and the woman's rigid posture and eye movements (Mehrabian, 1971). Status or Potency The woman's rigid posture and the constant lowering of her head denote a submissive attitude. Her slight hand movements whenever she talked also signify the same. On the other hand, the man's open arm gestures, upward head movements, and erect posture signify dominance (Mehrabian & Hines, 1978). It can also be observed that the man controlled a bigger part of the conversation since it was observed that he did most of the talking while the woman listened, and gave animated reactions to whatever the man said. The intent gaze the man gave the woman every now and then was given a more submissive reaction by the woman --- a slight smile with a lowering of the head (Mehrabian, 1971). Non-verbal Communication 4 Responsiveness The quick hand gestures and head movements of both the man

The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Example for Free

The Analysis of the Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay What we call a Chicago accent is actually called the Inland North American dialect. This encompasses the major cities around the Great Lakes. The dialect used to be considered the standard American accent until the region experienced a vowel shift, now called the North Cities Vowel Shift. Who Speaks the Chicago Dialect? Or rather, who doesnt? The answer, of course, is African Americans in the Chicago region, who have their own (and infinitely more interesting) dialect. Though this may be obvious. African Americans are the largest population group in Chicago, and it would be irresponsible to overlook the fact that the Chicago dialect is not used by the largest sector of the citys population. The most salient feature of the Chicago dialect is that it is undergoing the Northern Cities Vowel Shift. This is most noticeable in words with the /ae/ vowel, which gets raised so that its close to /e/. Thus, bad sounds a bit like bed, or, beead. Another notable aspect of this vowel shift is that /o/ is fronted so that it is closer to /ah/. So hot sounds a lttle like hat. As an ongoing change, it is more prevalent and more pronounced among young people, middle-class people, and females, but it is quite widespread. nearly all white Chicagoans exhibit this vowel shift, at least to some extent. A more local vowel development is a monophthongization of /ow/ to /oh/, so that south becomes soth and down becomes don. This is more conservative and less widespread. Also we can notice that when a vowel sound moves into another vowel’s territory, the result may be a merger —as when the sound of caught comes to be pronounced with the tongue in the same region of the mouth as for cot. In a different pattern, the movement of one vowel spurs a reactive movement in a neighboring vowel. As with strangers in an elevator, one vowel shifts to keep its distance when another enters the space. These coordinated movements are heard in the Northern Cities Shift, which affects six different vowels, those appearing in caught, cot, cat, bit, bet and but. In this change, caught takes on a vowel similar to that originally used for cot. The cot vowel also shifts, becoming more like the vowel of cat. The vowel of cat takes a position closer to that ordinarily heard with bit and sometimes sounds like the â€Å"ea† in idea. Words like bit are pronounced with a vowel nearer to bet or even but whereas bet words have a vowel similar to that in cat or but, and the vowel but words comes to sound more like that of caught. When these changes are plotted according to the positioning of the tongue, the connections among them are clear and the shift resembles a clockwise rotation of the vowels in the mouth. The Northern Cities Shift: These guide words are positioned to represent where in the mouth the tongue is placed for those vowel sounds. The arrows indicate the directions of change affecting the sounds. Consonants The stereotype about Chicagoans is that they say dis instead of this, but thats not entirely accurate. The real pronunciation is somewhere in between. To approximate it, first pronounce /th/ the standard way, with the tip of your tongue between your teeth. Then, keeping your teeth apart, move the tip of your tongue to the back of your teeth. Thats the typical Chicago /th/. Contrast it with /d/, which is made with the teeth closed, and the tongue against the roof of the mouth. This is a conservative trait, and is more common among older people, working class people, and males. The unvoiced equivalent, that is, the /th/ of in the word thick is even more conservative. Vocabulary Chicago vocabulary is fairly unremarkable. As a cosmopolitan place, the vocabulary is more generalized than in rural areas, so that Chicagoans are at least familiar with words that were formerly used by dialectologists as markers of Southern dialect or Midland that is, the dialect in between Northern and Southern. Nevertheless, there are a few localisms which are worth mentioning: What other people call rubbernecking, Chicagoans call gaping thus an accident on the side of the road can cause a gapers delay or gapers block. Also, Chicagoans are more likely to use the term gym shoes. Grammar In Chicago, like in other American cities that had lots of German-speaking immigrants, with can be used more frequently as a verbal complement. Thus, while most Americans might say come with, Chicagoans can also say take with and have with. Consider the following bit of dialogue from Chicagoan David Mamets play American Buffalo,: Donny: (Talking about a gun) I dont want it with. Teach: Well, I want it with. In the 1996 film version, Donnys line sounds fine when delivered by Chicagoan Dennis Franz, but Angeleno Dustin Hoffman has trouble making Teachs line sound natural; hes clearly uncomfortable saying it.

Avatar Essay -- Film Review

Myths are supernatural or religious tales with cultural and historical backgrounds, often containing moral lessons that are valued by the culture they originated from. The movie Avatar is a modern myth, its popularity stemming from the inspiration it draws from familiar and widespread themes found in classical myths. Avatar reuses and refreshes these themes for current audiences. Ancient stories such as those of Icarus, Prometheus, Gilgamesh, and Hercules, as well as contemporary issues, represent many of the same themes that are revealed in Avatar. Avatar is the story of Jake Sully, a paraplegic marine that is sent to the world Pandora to take the place of his dead-brother's job as a Na’vi avatar pilot. The humans on Pandora use these avatars to communicate with the Na’vi and try to convince them to leave the Hometree, which is the pillar of life for the Na’vi; the humans want this so they can mine the element â€Å"unobtanium† the majority of which is located under Hometree. Jake initially pilots the avatar to achieve the military objectives that he is given, but over the course of the movie becomes initiated into the Na’vi culture through Neytiri and begins to disregard his orders. When the military commander finds out of Jake’s treason he gives the order to destroy Hometree and Jake is forced to reveal to the Na'vi his true intentions for piloting the avatar. This results in Jake being cast out of both the Na’vi and human societies. The humans then destroy the Hometree and man y of the Na’vi, Jake realizes that it is up to him to save the rest of the Na’vi and leads the resistance. To regain the trust of the Na’vi, Jake tames a Toruk, the most feared predator on Pandora. Through Jake’s leadership the Na’vi push back the humans and... ...is often seen as an invasion since many cities and innocent lives have been destroyed through this process. The outcome of this war is still being determined but based on the patterns of politics portrayed classical myths and Avatar it is clear that both sides will be greatly affected by the conflict. Avatar has been mocked as being highly derivative of other films and stories, but that merely shows how deep these same themes run in human psyche. Even in ancient times, the legends and tales contained similar issues and their heroes went through similar trials, showing just how important these things are to us as a race. The anxiety of doing too much and becoming too powerful is as widespread today as it was thousands of years ago. No matter the consequences we may face, humans will always try to reach just a little higher, and try to gain just a little more power.

Gender Roles in Latin America Essay

With only 10 percent of people claiming themselves to be natives, Latin America is considered as one of the most diverse regions in the world. Due to this ethnic and racial diversity, tracing the roots of gender issues by associating with a single group or factor might not reveal the truth. However, some objective factors like lower pay scales for women and labour force participation provide considerable objectivity to reckon the area in terms of gender issues (De Ferranti 77&78). Chile represents a variant region of Latin America which has gone through multiple phases in terms of gender roles and position. The period of coup d’etat against President Salvador Allende in the country is also considered as a time of human rights era (Cleary 1). In this context, women faced dual exploitation – first as Chilean natives and then as suppressed part of the society. The military take over resulted in some of the most gruesome tortures against women thereby becoming a primary reason of insurrection in the later period. However, this insurrection was partly related to the exiles of thousands of women from Chile who during the time of exile actively participated in bringing a paradigm shift. Rapid Industrialization and economic development in 1940s at one hand opened vistas for Latin American women by proving job opportunities, but the same phenomenon also served to debilitate their status and power. According to Julio Ceasar Pino, the economic development led to entrance in professional field but with a limitation to enter the corporate level thereby making them considered as futile presence (1). The letters of Marjorie Agosin and Emma Sepulveda in 1960s provide a firsthand view of gender roles in Latin America during the concerned times. Coupled with stringent orthodoxy, the society portrayed in the letters is one that defines a fine line as to what was expected of women in the twentieth century. The chronicles portray that makeup was considered to besmirch the purity of women, their obligations coalesced with child birth and development, their duty to be in the kitchen to cook at parties even with servants were present and where in families men always won (1-14). Behind the shift from stark gender roles division to the acceptance of women in economy, politics and society, there lies a strong role of women movements emerging in the late twentieth century. Today, Latin American women have seats in governmental offices and have Ministries (De Ferranti 81). However, for the share of changing roles that women in Latin America enjoy today is due to a far greater oppression of the gender in past that has led to a slow, but ongoing process of amelioration. Works Cited Agosin, Marjorie, and Emma Sepulveda. Amigas : Letters of Friendship and Exile. US: Texas Press, 2001. Cleary, Edward L. The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1997 De Ferranti, David M. , Guillermo E. , and Francisco Ferreira. Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean : Breaking with History? Washington, D. C: World Bank Publications, 2004 Pino, Julio Cesar. â€Å"Teaching about Women and Underdevelopment in Latin American History. † History Teacher 34. 3 (01 May 2001): 353-360. ERIC. EBSCO. Capella University. US. 10 May 2009 .

My use of ICT – iPod (personal)

My iPOD is a 20GB white iPOD. Me and my brother bought it about a year and a half ago to share between us. We decided to get that particular model of iPOD because, although it wasn't cheap, it had a very large memory so that meant we could store both of our music on it as we like very different music. To load the songs onto the iPOD you have to have a computer. With the iPOD comes a program to go on your computer called iTUNES. You load the songs onto this program via the disk drive on your computer. Then you connect up the iPOD to the computer and the iPOD automatically begins to download the songs onto it. Describe how the ICT is being used I use the iPOD mostly to listen to music, tell the time, and occasionally play games when I am extremely bored. My brother uses the iPOD for the same reasons although he likes to play the games on it more than me. I like listening to music, I often listen to it while on my paper round every morning. I have found it invaluable on long journeys, with me and my brother stuck in a car together for many hours. For the occasion when both me and my brother want to listen to at the same time we bought a splitter and an extra pair of headphones. So in that way we listen to music together. We can also, which is very useful too, plug it into the sound system in the car so the whole family can listen. I don't just use my iPOD to store music on though. Because my iPOD has a huge memory I can put on story tapes like the Harry Potter CD's. So we can listen to them in the car as well. I use the iPOD to occasionally tell the time too, it's clock has been useful on several occasions when I haven't had my phone with me. The advantages of using this technology I really like the iPOD. It is a clever design and has many advantages. Firstly, it can be used in so many different ways, plugged into headphones, into the computer speakers, into CD player speakers, into car speakers, it's so easy! In this way it has encouraged the use of more music. Music relaxes many but gives them the freedom of listening to what you want, when you want. I find it useful on the airplane too as its so small and portable. It has a huge memory too so there is a very high limit to the number songs it holds, something like 5,000. Unlike the CD player, it rarely jogs. This is useful in general. However, having a hard disk, it can be damaged by shaking. The disadvantages of using this technology To transfer music onto the iPOD you have to have a computer. If someone doesn't have a computer, the iPOD is pretty useless. We do have a computer, but it is quite heavily used so I find it hard to find enough time for it to sit there and upload music onto it. I think the iPOD also can encourage illegal copying of music. The majority of music recorded on iPOD's are in breach of copyright laws. I personally try not to do this, as the music companies will end up loosing money. However it is very hard to feel sympathetic towards them when you here about them ripping off all these small, new, defenseless bands. I do feel that I could be breaking copyright laws, but I really don't know exactly what constitutes breaking the copyright. I know that you aren't meant to copy CD's between friends but what about if me and my brother have paid half and half for a CD? Are we only allowed to put it on one iPOD? Since I am not sure of the finer points of copyright, I don't really worry that much if I break it. Another bad point of the iPOD is that listening to very loud music played directly into your ears can damage them. I have been told off by my mum many times for playing music too loudly. Because people are listening to music they are not so aware of their surroundings so people are more likely to walk out in front of cars or get mugged. Music that is bought on iTunes cannot be used on any other MP3 players and vice-versa. iPOD's are also iconic. Many people, including me, think of iPOD's to be the main MP3 player this makes them very expensive. The other is that iPOD's get old very quickly. The makers keep bringing out new versions with added things. For example, as soon as we got ours, they brought out the same one with the ability to play videos for the same price. This is annoying but good business for the makers as they make money from us as we keep buying newer versions of their products. If I lived in a time without iPOD's I would have to play my music on a CD player or even on tapes. The tapes get chewed up and CD players just aren't as portable. So in summary, I think that although there are many disadvantages of the iPOD, the advantages out-weigh them. Having an iPOD, or any kind of portable MP3 player gives you freedom and more choice when and what to listen to.

pfizer essays

pfizer essays Competitive Advantage is the condition that enables a company to operate in a more efficient or in a higher-quality manner than the companies that it competes with, which results in benefits to that specific company. This is usually achieved by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and services that justify for higher prices. One of the key strategies in achieving a competitive advantage is product differentiation. Product differentiation is the idea that certain features make one product appear different from competing products in the same market. Pfizer achieves this strategy through brand loyalty and advertising. Pfizer is a very well respected company; which makes them strongly trusted amongst their consumers. The way Pfizer achieves this trust is through their advertising and brand loyalty. Advertising and brand loyalty are very important in the pharmaceutical market due to the large interchangeability of its products. This basically means that there are a lot of products out there, in the Pharmaceutical industry, which are close substitutes to that of Pfizers and other companies. One way of avoiding such interchangeability is with the use of patents. A patent grants sole rights of a particular product to a specific company, making it illegal for other companies to make similar substitutable products. (www.pfizer.com) On the other hand Pfizer also competes with firms when there are no patents on their products. This is where Pfizers prestigious brand name and loyalty come into play. As earlier mentioned, many consumers trust Pfizer and its products to have a higher quality than any other pharmaceutical company. So when they need to purchase these products they look for the brand they can trust, Pfizer! The reason Pfizer is such a well-trusted company again comes from their advertising. Pfizer prides itself on its advert ...

Why was it is necessary to replace GATT 1947 what are the main Essay

Why was it is necessary to replace GATT 1947 what are the main differences between GATT 1947 and the WTO Do you think that the - Essay Example .................................................................... 5 Interim Commission for the International Trade Organisation (1947-1994).......5 Review Session (1950s)....................................................................................... 6 European Economic Community (EEC) (1957).................................................. 6 Multifibre Arrangements (MFA-I through MFA-IV).......................................... 6 The Uruguay Round (1993-1994)....................................................................... 8 Multilateral Investment Agreement (MIA) (1996)............................................... 9 U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy .............................................................. 9 Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)............................................................................10 WTO’s Articles III and IV.....................................................................................10 Converting GATT 1947 to WTO Introduction The GATT was formed by states with a decisive idea of the co-operation that was required to promote economic development and modernisation. Even though the idea required an International Trade Organisation (ITO), the GATT was also able to achieve the goals of the original participants.1 It was, to a certain extent, efficient trade-liberalising machinery. The removal of QRs by developed nations in the aftermath of World War II was confined under its control, and excise taxes were cut down considerably.2 Barriers to trade, as of the 1970s, in the form of quotas and tariffs had weakened radically in value3, and governments were beset by the trade-misleading features of other economic strategies. The first five decades of GATT’s existence has a close resemblance to a product’s lifecycle. In the beginning market growth is sluggish, as the public become used to it. This is pursued by a phase of drastic improvement of market productivity and share as the pro duct launches.4 In the developed or third phase, growth stabilises but profits remain elevated. In the last stage profits start to drop. Core marketing theory informs us that by the third phase a company had to create a new product in order to thrive and survive.5 In the case of GATT, the stages of take off and maturity took place in the 1950s and the 1960s.6 This was the time when the greatest development was accomplished in terms of trade liberalisation. The demand for the products of GATT had stabilised by the 1970s.7 An effort was made to branch out into new markets by moving to non-tariff barriers (NTB), but this move was not quite productive. Indecisive strategies were implemented to deal with trade-related national regulations, but development was sluggish.8 The GATT-1947, with the formation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), was converted into an organisation, and its expanse was considerably enlarged.9 Hence, the important issues to be addressed here are: (1) why was it necessary to replace GATT 1947? (2) What are the main differences between GATT 1947 and the WTO? (3) Is WTO an improvement, if so, why? In addressing these issues it is helpful to analyse briefly several of the major developments that took place in the world economy in the twentieth century. From GATT 1947 to WTO GATT was not officially a global organisation, specifically, an official unit in its own right. GATT is an inter-governmental agreement. Hence, GATT had contracting participants rather than member states.10 This transformed with the formation of an international organisation that governs multilateral contracts concerning trade in goods, trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs), and trade in services (GATS): the WTO.11 The different treaties governed by the WTO are between customs territories

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale Personal Statement

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale - Personal Statement Example As per the results, I will judge the personality of my supervisor by comparing the results with the actual personality of my supervisor. In comparison, I will state whether I agree with the results or not. In the end, I will state couple of examples to prove accuracy of my findings. We all know that Perceived Leadership Integrity Scale is used to measure the ethical status of any person as well as it is an assessment of any one for his or her leadership qualities. We can judge on the basis of this scale score that whether the person is eligible for the leadership post or not. Similarly, I have completed the integrity scale for my supervisor and I am not surprised with the results I got from it, since, my supervisor is a truly kind and honest person. I am pleased to state that I got a score of 32 for my supervisor that will never be surprising to anyone who knows him closely. Now I would like to give couple of examples to support my assessment regarding my supervisor. I still remember the day when I came to this institute as a newbie. My supervisor was the first person with whom I met that day. Very politely, he gave me many advices that I couldn’t forget for my whole life. He advised me to be honest not only for being a student but for my whole life. He made me realize the importance of truth and honesty in anyone’s life. When someone is teaching about honesty and loyalty then how come he is a liar himself? That’s why I more than believe that my supervisor is highly ethical and deserves 32 score. Another example of the high ethics of my supervisor is, one day I was late for my class and I had to pay the fine amount for getting late. On that day I forgot to get my money because I was already late for the institute. I let him know the entire story and the reason for my delay to the class. Though he possess soft corner for everyone but that doesn’t mean that he bends rules as per his needs. He didn’t ask me to omit the fine but very